Read the winning articles. Journal overview. Special Issues. Academic Editor: Atsushi Harimaya. Received 01 May Accepted 16 Dec Published 28 Jan Abstract Throat swabs from children with suspected Mycoplasma pneumoniae M. Introduction Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common pathogen of respiratory tract infection in children and adolescents and can cause serious pneumonia and external lung complications [ 1 ].
Materials and Methods 2. Isolation, Culture, and Identification of M. Specimens cases of throat swab specimens were collected from the suspected M. Culture and Identification The throat swab specimens were inoculated in M. Table 1. Primer sequences and target fragment length of PCR amplification.
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Table 2. Sequencing results of a part of clinically isolated strains. Figure 5. Figure 6.
Clinically isolated MP strains AG site mutation. Figure 7. Clinically isolated MP strains AC site mutation. Figure 8. Table 3. References K. Waites and D. Morozumi, T. Takahashi, and K. Lenglet, Z. Herrador, A. Magiorakos, K. Leitmeyer, and D. View at: Google Scholar D. Averbuch, C. Hidalgo-Grass, A. Moses, D. Engelhard, and R. Antibiotic Treatment and Resistance. Minus Related Pages. Antibiotic Treatment Most Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections are self-limiting; however, clinicians routinely treat pneumonia caused by M.
Clinicians treat the disease with macrolide, tetracycline, or fluoroquinolone classes of antibiotics, taking age of the patient and local antibiotic resistance patterns into consideration: Macrolides e. Antibiotic Resistance Resistance to macrolides has been emerging in M. High prevalence of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates from adult and adolescent patients with respiratory tract infection in China external icon. Clin Infect Dis. Clinical relevance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae macrolide resistance in children external icon.
J Clin Microbiol. J Clin Microbio l. N Engl J Med. It is possible that A. The contribution of each protein and gene of mycoplasmas, reacting to stress, to the development of ciprofloxacin resistance should be elucidated in the future. However, it is obvious that multiple changes in genomic profiles, as well as the cellular and vesicular proteome, in the ciprofloxacin-resistant A. These data were obtained for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in connection with the development of resistance to certain antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin [ 87 , 96 , ].
The development of resistance to antimicrobials in various bacterial species proved to be associated with changes not only in the targets of these drugs, but also in many genes and proteins involved in the processes of energy production, transport, and protective mechanisms, as well as in virulence. These results require special attention from researchers involved in the development of control means for pathogenic bacteria and the search for new antimicrobial targets and virulence factors are possible candidates for this role.
The study of the adaptation of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents using omics technologies is in its infancy. However, the results suggest that the formation of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is, apparently, made possible by more complex mechanisms than has previously been thought.
The development of resistance proves to be associated with significant changes in the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and secretomic profiles of microorganisms, which can determine significant restructuring in cellular processes and pathogenicity.
Resistome elements that are similar in different bacteria may be indicative of the existence of universal modules regulating cellular reprogramming and ensuring survival in stress conditions. Large-scale studies of microorganisms in axenic cultures, as well as in associates in various environments, based on high-tech methodic platforms using meta-omics approaches are required to accumulate the corresponding information.
This work was carried out as part of the competitiveness facilitation program at Kazan Volga Region Federal University of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Acta Naturae v. Acta Naturae. Chernova , E. Medvedeva , A. Mouzykantov , N. Baranova , and V. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Chernova: ur. Received Aug This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract The present review discusses the problem of controlling mycoplasmas class Mollicutes , the smallest of self-replicating prokaryotes, parasites of higher eukaryotes, and main contaminants of cell cultures and vaccines.
Keywords: mycoplasmas, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, omics technologies, bacterial resistome. Table 1 Resistance to antibiotics tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides in mycoplasma associated with target gene mutations [ 5 ]. Methylation of rRNA by ermB e.
Open in a separate window. Table 2 Cardiotoxins: properties and conformational characteristics. Acknowledgments This work was carried out as part of the competitiveness facilitation program at Kazan Volga Region Federal University of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. References 1. Nikfarjam L. Rottem S.
Biomedical Tissue Culture. InTech, Chernov V. Uphoff C. Waites K. In: Mollicutes: molecular biology and pathogenesis. UK: Caister Acad. Muzykantov A. Vanyushkina A. Mazin P. Nucleic Acids Research. Citti C. Trends Microbiol. Lazarev V. Borth W. Agents Chemother. Microbes Infect. Fehri L. Park H. FEBS Lett. Shelton C. Paulsen I. Raherison S. Piddock L. Martinez J. FEMS Microbiol. Pereyre S. Antunes N. Single-nucleotide polymorphism PCR for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and determination of macrolide resistance in respiratory samples.
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Nested PCR-linked capillary electrophoresis and single-strand conformation polymorphisms for detection of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Beijing, China. Liu, Y. Characterization of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated from children in Shanghai, China.
Multiclonal origin of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates as determined by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. Mandell, L. Matsubara, K. A comparative clinical study of macrolide-sensitive and macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in pediatric patients. Matsuda, K. Gene and cytokine profile analysis of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Fukuoka, Japan.
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BMC Microbiol. Okada, T. Rapid effectiveness of minocycline or doxyxycline against macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a outbreak among japanese children. Pereyre, S. The spread of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is polyclonal in both an endemic setting in France and in an epidemic setting in Israel. First report of macrolide-resistant strains and description of a novel nucleotide sequence variation in the P1 adhesin gene in Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical strains isolated in France over 12 years.
In vitro selection and characterization of resistance to macrolides and related antibiotics in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. CrossRef Full Text. In vitro activities of the newer quinolones garenoxacin, gatifloxacin, and gemifloxacin against human mycoplasmas. The increased incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in France in was polyclonal, mainly involving M.
Peuchant, O. Increased macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in France directly detected in clinical specimens by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. Pucci, M. In vitro and in vivo profiles of ACH, an isothiazoloquinolone, against bacterial pathogens. Rocha, E. Genomic repeats, genome plasticity and the dynamics of Mycoplasma evolution.
Nucleic Acids Res. Sader, H. Antimicrobial activity of the novel pleuromutilin antibiotic BC against organisms responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections CARTIs. Sakata, H. Clinical efficacy of tosufloxacin in children with pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Scapini, J. Confirmed Mycoplasma pneumoniae endocarditis. Spuesens, E.
Macrolide resistance determination and molecular typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by pyrosequencing. Macrolide-resistance determination and molecular typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory specimens collected between and in The Netherlands. Stopler, T. Resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to macrolides, lincomycin and streptogramin B.
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