Lesson Objective How did the Patriots unite opinion in support of the American War for Independence and how was their cause viewed by the British, the Loyalists and the Neutrals. The lesson will begin with a brief cartoon illustrating perspective, a very brief review of the reasons the sides were so split, a re-analysis of the cartoon, mnemonic refreshers for the two sides leading to the Boston Tea Party. As a collaborative effort, the class will discuss and answer the questions regarding each primary source.
Close reading: What do you see in this picture? Who are the people in this image? What is happening in this picture? What symbols do you notice? What is the overall message of this image? Sourcing: Who do you think created this image? Contextualizing: Why did the author create this image?
Who was the intended audience? What significant events happened before and after this image? In addition, the content and wording of the petition must clearly demonstrate loyalty to the cause of American independence.
Petitions regarding religious issues do not qualify. Defenders of Forts and Stations: Individuals who lived on the frontier, from the Great Northern Lakes to Georgia, who are documented as having actively defended the western frontiers against British forces and their allies, the Indians.
Service performed by French nationals within the colonies or in Europe in support of the American cause. How does each use the spectre of divine intervention and judgment to motivate his audience?
How does Oliver portray the British government? Why does Oliver address the Continental troops as "fellow citizens" and "my countrymen" rather than as "soldiers"? What justifications does Oliver offer the soldiers for leaving the Continental army? What consequences of leaving the army does Paine predict? How does Paine characterize the Revolution as a defensive war? How does he use his personal experiences to inspire a rapport with his audience? What vision of a victorious America does Paine offer his audience?
What is his vision of a defeated America? What is Oliver's vision of a victorious America? Oliver's address is in the second person you , and Paine's is in the first person I.
How does this influence their appeals? To what extent are these addresses exemplary of the Loyalist-Patriot divide throughout the Revolutionary period?
Framing Questions How did Patriot leadership—military, diplomatic, and governmental—promote and hinder the war effort? How were power relationships changed?
How were decisions by Britain and France critical to the outcome of the war? Was victory the last achievement of the thirteen colonies or the first achievement of the new nation? Francis D. Slaves also contributed to the Loyalist cause, swayed by the promise of freedom following the war.
A total of 12, African Americans served with the British from to The Patriots mirrored this tactic by offering freedom to slaves serving in the Continental Army. Following the war, both sides often reneged on these promises of freedom. By July 4, , Patriots controlled most of the territory within the 13 colonies and had expelled all royal officials. Colonists who openly proclaimed their loyalty to the Crown were driven from their communities. Loyalists frequently went underground and covertly offered aid to the British.
New York City and Long Island were the British military and political bases of operations in North America from to and maintained a large concentration of Loyalists, many of whom were refugees from other states. In limited areas where the British had a strong military presence, Loyalists remained in power. For example, during early in the South Carolina backcountry, Loyalist recruitment outpaced that of the Patriots.
Also, from to , a Loyalist civilian government was re established in coastal Georgia. The departure of royal officials, rich merchants, and landed gentry destroyed the hierarchical networks that thrived in the colonies. Key members of the elite families that owned and controlled much of the commerce and industry in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston left the United States, undermining the cohesion of the old upper class and transforming the social structure of the colonies.
Recent non-Anglophone immigrants especially Germans and Dutch , uncertain of their fate under the new regime, also fled.
African American slaves and much of the Mohawk Nation joined the Loyalist migration north and northeast. African American slaves and freedmen fought on both sides of the Revolutionary War; many were promised their freedom in exchange for service.
African Americans—slave and free—served on both sides during the Revolutionary War. Many African Americans viewed the American Revolution as an opportunity to fight for their own liberty and freedom from slavery. The British recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters and promised freedom to those who served. Lord Dunmore, Royal Governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation offering freedom to all slaves who would fight for the British during the Revolutionary War.
Hundreds of slaves escaped to join Dunmore and the British Army. African Americans also served extensively on British vessels and were considered more willing and able than their British counterparts on the deck. Other revolutionary leaders, however, were hesitant to utilize African Americans in their armed forces due to a fear that armed slaves would rise against them.
For instance, in May , the Massachusetts Committee of Safety stopped the enlistment of slaves in colonial armies. The action was then adopted by the Continental Congress when it took over Patriot forces to form the Continental Army. Many African Americans, believing that the Patriot cause would one day result in an expansion of their own civil rights and even the abolition of slavery, had already joined militia regiments at the beginning of the war.
Recruitment to the Continental Army following the lifted ban on black enlistment was equally positive, despite remaining concerns from officers, particularly in the South.
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